单电子还是双电子?反应底物决定的铁催化未活化烷基卤代物与胺、酰胺和吲哚的酰胺化反应机理（英文）

铁廉价,储量丰富,铁基催化剂具有独特的催化活性,其催化的羰基化反应备受化学家关注.烷基溴类化合物具有较高的解离能,酰胺和吲哚类化合物具有弱亲核性,上述性质使其发生羰基化转化具有一定的挑战性.本文发展了一种铁催化的酰胺化反应,使用羰基铁催化剂前体,在反应体系中原位生成低价态的活性铁催化中心,并对烷基类底物进行活化.随后发生一氧化碳对碳铁键的插入、酰基铁的生成、亲核试剂的进攻等反应,最后生成目标产品.在该催化体系作用下,未活化的烷基卤代物可以与胺、酰胺和吲哚发生反应,得到较高收率的酰胺、酰亚胺和N-酰基吲哚等化合物,并表现出较好的官能团兼容性.实验发现,含有天然产物骨架的原料也能够高效转化.在反应机理方面,本文进行了分子内、分子间自由基捕捉等研究,结合已报道的谱学研究结果,推断出低价态铁催化中心的存在.结合实验数据以及反应机理研究结果认为,该反应的反应历程是由底物决定的:当以烷基碘类化合物为原料时,经历的是单电子转移(自由基)过程;当以烷基溴类化合物时,经历的是双电子转移过程.综上,本文发展了一种铁催化的烷基卤代物的酰胺化反应,为烷基酰胺合成提供一定参考.     

P修饰提高Fe-N-C的氧反应活性用于高稳定的锌-空气电池（英文）

生物质碳基材料具有可调的微观结构、丰富的表面活性中心、优良的导电和导热性能以及较大的比表面积,已经成为新能源领域的重要基础材料.然而,应用于锌-空气电池中时,碳基材料高电位下的碳腐蚀问题严重影响了电池的稳定性,因此,开发具有低过电位的析氧反应(OER)催化剂来降低充电电压是解决该问题的关键.本课题组采用一种低温磷化策略制备了具有低OER过电位的P修饰的Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N和生物质碳复合催化剂(P-Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N@NPC),其具有较好的双功能氧反应活性,氧还原反应(ORR)的半波电位为0.86 V,仅需要280 m V的OER过电位就可以达到10 m Acm^-2的电流密度.以P-Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N@NPC作为正极组装的锌-空气电池表现出低的充放电电压差和长期稳定性,在目前报道的碳基催化剂应用于锌-空气电池中具有很大优势.此外,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、拉曼光...     

利用空间位阻和氢溢流协同作用促进5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛

Selective hydrogenation is a vital class of reaction. Various unsaturated functional groups in organic compounds, such as aromatic rings, alkynyl (C≡C), carbonyl (C＝O), nitro (-NO₂), and alkenyl (C＝C) groups, are typical targets in selective hydrogenation. Therefore, selectivity is a key indicator of the efficiency of a designed hydrogenation reaction. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is an important platform compound in the context of biomass conversion, and recently, the hydrogenation of HMF to produce fuels and other valuable chemicals has received significant attention. Controlling the selectivity of HMF hydrogenation is paramount because of the different reducible functional groups (C＝O, C-OH, and C＝C) in HMF. Moreover, the exploration of new routes for hydrogenating HMF to valuable chemicals is becoming attractive. 5-Methylfurfural (MF) is also an important organic compound; thus, the selective hydrogenation of HMF to MF is an essential synthetic route. However, this reaction has challenging thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, making it difficult to realize. Herein, we propose a strategy to design a highly efficient catalytic system for selective hydrogenation by exploiting the synergy between steric hindrance and hydrogen spillover. The design and preparation of the Pt@PVP/Nb₂O₅ catalyst (PVP = polyvinyl pyrrolidone; Nb₂O₅ = niobium(V) oxide) were also conducted. Surprisingly, HMF could be converted to MF with 92% selectivity at 100% HMF conversion. The reaction pathway was revealed through the combination of control experiments and density functional theory calculations. Although PVP blocked HMF from accessing the surface of Pt, hydrogen (H₂) could be activated on the surface of Pt due to its small molecular size, and the activated H₂ could migrate to the surface of Nb₂O₅ through a phenomenon called H₂ spillover. The Lewis acidic surface of Nb₂O₅ could not adsorb the C＝O group but could adsorb and activate the C-OH group of HMF; therefore, when HMF was adsorbed on Nb₂O₅, the C-OH groups were hydrogenated by the spilled over H₂ to form MF. The high selectivity of this reaction was realized because of the unique combination of steric effects, hydrogen spillover, and tuning of the electronic states of the Pt and Nb₂O₅ surfaces. This new route for producing MF has great potential for practical application owing to its discovered advantages. We believe that this novel strategy can be used to design catalysts for other selective hydrogenation reactions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a significant breakthrough in selective hydrogenation, which will be of interest to researchers working on the utilization of biomass, organic synthesis, catalysis, and other related fields.      

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

Dimethyl furan-2, 5-dicarboxylate (DMFDCA) is a valuable biomass-derived chemical that is an ideal alternative to fossil-derived terephthalic acid as a monomer for polymers. The one-step oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to DMFDCA is of practical significance. It not only shortens the reaction pathway but also avoids the separation process of intermediates; thus, reducing cost. In this work, non-noble bimetallic catalysts supported on N-doped porous carbon (CoMn@NC) were synthesized via a one-step co-pyrolysis procedure using different pyrolysis temperatures and proportions of metal precursors and additives. We employed the prepared CoMn@NC catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of HMF under mild reaction conditions to obtain DMFDCA. High-yield DMFDCA was obtained by screening the prepared catalysts and optimizing the reaction conditions, including the strength and amount of the base, as well as the reaction temperature. The optimized yield of DMFDCA was 85% over the Co₃Mn₂@NC-800 catalyst after 12 h at 50 ℃ using ambient-pressure oxygen. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using a variety of characterization techniques, the factors affecting the performance of each catalyst were investigated, and the relationship between the physicochemical properties and performance of the prepared catalysts was elucidated. A porous structure with a high surface area had a positive effect on mass transfer efficiency. Cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and atomically dispersed Mn were coordinated to N-doped carbon to form M―N_x (where M = Co or Mn). Based on the Mott-Schottky effect, there was significant electron transfer between each metal and the N-doped carbon, additionally, the metal NPs supplied electrons to the carbon atoms. The electron-deficient metal site in the pyridinic N-rich carbon was beneficial for the activation of HMF and oxygen. The activation of oxygen produced reactive oxygen species (such as superoxide radical anions) to ensure high selectivity to DMFDCA through dehydrogenative oxidation of the hemiacetal intermediate and hydroxymethyl group of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-furoate. The existence of disordered and defective carbons increased the number of active sites. Subsequently, we performed a series of control experiments. Based on our current experimental results and previous studies, we propose a simple mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of HMF to DMFDCA. The catalyst was stable, its performance decreased slightly after two cycles, and it was tolerant to SCN⁻ ions and resistant against N or S poisoning. Furthermore, the use of this catalytic system can be expanded to various substituted aromatic alcohols, such as benzyl alcohols with different substituents, furfuryl alcohol, and heterocyclic alcohols. Simultaneously, the product type was further extended from methyl esters to ethyl esters with a high yield when the substrate reacted with ethanol. In conclusion, this catalytic system can be applied in the production of carboxylic esters for polymers.     

分级孔结构的Fe-N-C催化剂用于高效电催化氧还原

氧还原反应（ORR）是金属空气电池以及质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFCs）系统重要的阴极反应,研究具有高活性与高稳定性的非贵金属催化剂具有重要意义。本研究使用了一种具有分级孔结构的MIL-101-(Al-Fe)作为金属前驱体模板,成功制备出具有分级多孔结构的Fe-N-C催化剂。电化学测试结果表明,在0.1 mol/L KOH电解液中,Fe-N-C-MIL-900催化剂表现出最优的氧还原性能（半波电位0.905 V以及5000圈CV测试后半波电位仅下降5 mV）,远高于纯碳基N-C-MIL-900催化剂（0.845 V）。通过旋转环盘电极测试发现,Fe-N-C-MIL-900催化剂ORR电子转移数为3.98,H2O2产率低于3%,表现出明显的4电子ORR路径。这一工作为制备具有高ORR活性的Fe-N-C催化剂提供了一种新的途径。     

Rh@Pt内凹立方体核壳催化剂的制备及其乙醇电氧化性能

贵金属Rh基催化剂可有效催化乙醇中C―C键断裂,有利于实现乙醇完全电氧化,但Rh催化剂对乙醇电氧化的催化活性较低。本文通过种子介导生长法制备了具有内凹立方体形貌的Rh@Pt/C核壳催化剂,考察了不同Pt壳层厚度的Rh@Pt/C核壳催化剂在碱性介质中对乙醇电氧化反应(EOR)的催化性能。其中Rh@Pt_0.25/C核壳催化剂对EOR的质量归一化电流最高为520 mA/mg,此时面积归一化电流也最高,为0.16 mA/cm²。研究表明,Rh@Pt/C核壳催化剂中Rh和Pt之间的表面应变效应和电子配体效应取决于Rh表面Pt壳层的厚度,Pt壳层厚度的改变,可调控催化剂中Rh和Pt的协同作用,从而减弱毒性中间体对催化剂表面的吸附,优化催化剂对EOR的性能。总体上,Rh表面Pt壳层为3层的Rh@Pt_0.25/C核壳催化剂表现出最优的EOR活性和稳定性,此时催化剂也兼具了较优的抗毒化能力。     

大环镍(Ⅱ)配合物与扁桃酸的手性识别

外消旋大环镍(Ⅱ)配合物[Ni (rac-L)](ClO₄)₂分别与l-和d-扁桃酸阴离子在乙腈/水溶液中反应,通过手性识别得到六配位的[Ni (_RR-L)(S-Man)]ClO₄(1)和[Ni (SS-L)(R-Man)]ClO₄(2)对映异构体(L=5,5,7,12,12,14-六甲基-1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷,Man=扁桃酸)。当[Ni (rac-L)](ClO₄)₂与dl-扁桃酸阴离子反应时得到一对对映体等量存在的共聚物,其中大环配体中RR和SS构型分别优先与l-和d-Man^- 配位形成外消旋混合物,反应过程中发生了手性识别现象,每颗晶体均为手性对映体。当[Ni (rac-L)](ClO₄)₂分别与结构类似的dl-2-苯基丙酸和dl-托品酸阴离子反应时,分别得到化合物[Ni (rac-L)(dl-PPA)]ClO₄(3)(PPA=2-苯基丙酸)和[Ni (rac-L)(dl-Tro)]ClO₄(4)(Tro=托品酸)。X射线单晶衍射结果表明,4个配合物中Ni (Ⅱ)离子均与折叠大环配体L的4个氮原子和2个来自羧基与羟基的氧原子(1和2),或羧基氧原子(3和4)顺式配位,形成六配位八面体构型。配合物1和2属于一对对映异构体,分别通过[Ni (_RR-L)(S-Man)]⁺和[Ni (SS-L)(R-Man)]⁺分子间氢键作用形成一维之字形链状结构。配合物1和2的单手性特征与圆二色(CD)谱测定结果一致。     

不同聚合物分散剂对Pt/SAPO-11催化剂性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了经过不同聚合物分散剂处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、N₂吸附-脱附和NH₃程序升温脱附(TPD)等对催化剂的组织结构进行了表征。结果表明,分散剂不会破坏催化剂的结构,反而提高了其孔体积、孔径和比表面积,同时改变了沸石的酸强度和酸量,其中以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂孔体积、孔径和酸性分布最佳。在固定床反应器上对不同分散剂处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂催化性能进行评价,结果表明聚乙烯吡咯烷酮处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂也表现出最佳的催化性能,麻风树油的加氢脱氧率高达99.45%,生物航空煤油组分收率和异构烷烃组分(C₈~C₁₆)的选择性分别达到了44.67%和56.37%。     

氮掺杂石墨烯负载单原子Zr催化CO2加氢的密度泛函理论研究

基于密度泛函理论计算,研究了H2和CO2在氮掺杂石墨烯负载单原子Zr催化剂(Zr Nx-Gr)上的吸附和CO2催化加氢反应. H2和CO2在Zr N3-Gr上单独吸附的吸附能分别为-0.49和-2.17 e V,在H2和CO2共吸附状态下,吸附能为-2.24 e V,均高于在Zr N4-Gr表面的吸附能,表明Zr N3-Gr表面更利于CO2加氢反应的发生.在Zr N3-Gr表面, CO2在共吸附后保持了其单独吸附时的特性,削弱了H2分子的吸附. CO2在Zr Nx-Gr表面催化加氢反应起始于H2和CO2的共吸附构型,沿反式HCOOH路径形成甲酸盐(HCOO*)中间体,然后HCOO*基团吸附H原子形成反式甲酸,在Zr N3-Gr和Zr N4-Gr表面该路径的反应能垒分别为1.85和2.48 e V.另一路径为产生CO与H2O的反应,在Zr N3-Gr和Zr N4-Gr表面的反应能垒分别为1.86和1.73 e V,表明Zr N3-Gr更利于CO2加氢生成甲酸反应的发生,而Zr N4-Gr表面更利于CO的产生.     

金属催化剂光热催化CO2还原的研究进展

CO2的过量排放导致温室效应对环境的影响越来越严重,通过电催化、光催化、热催化、光热催化或光电催化将CO2还原成高附加值的化学品是解决CO2排放的有效途径.其中, CO2的光热催化转化是当前的主要研究领域之一.我们对光热催化进行了总结分类:热助光、光助热、光驱热和光热协同催化,并详细介绍相应的催化机理,总结了金属催化剂用于光热催化CO2还原的最新研究进展,最后提出了光热催化面临的挑战与展望.